Iready norms tables 2022 23 - 2021-22, 2022-23, and 2024 Taft School has received an Early Literacy Block Grant. In this grant all TK-3 teachers are provided professional development in Early Literacy Instruction. The current data shows our TK-3 grade students are making progress. 2021-22 school year is the first year the TK-3 grade teachers are

 
i-Ready Diagnostic Test Results Now Available. Updated: May 5, 2021. This publication features the new i-Ready Diagnostic national norms for Grades K–8. These norms are new for the 2020–2021 school year and are based on data from the 2018–2019 school year. As is common for national norms, it is expected that these norms will remain in use .... Thatcher

and subject are presented in the tables below. Grade READING/ELA 0.75 Year Ranges 0.75 Year 1.0 Year Ranges 1.0 Year Suggestion 1.5 Year 1.5 Year 2.0 Year 2.0 Year K 34 –45 34 46 –60 46 69 –90 90 92 –120 120 1 34 –45 34 46 –60 46 69 –90 90 92 –120 120 2 29 –39 29 39 –52 39 59 –78 78 78 –104 104 3 Aug 29, 2022 · Curriculum Associates Updates i-Ready Personalized Instruction and Assessment to Help Accelerate Student Learning for the 2022–2023 School Year New reports, lessons, accessibility features, and more will help educators support grade-level work, monitor progress, and motivate every learner on their path to success Sep 2, 2022 · It seems they place every child score below 99 percentile one grade above as "on level". For example, according to this table: Math scale score of 526 can be placed as 95 percentile as a 6th grader (and a fourth grader need to do many 6th or 7th grade questions right to get a score like 526. In my understanding, iready is primarily meant as a ... Dec 14, 2021 · Data Notes: In these graphs and tables, on-grade level performance is defined using iReady’s nationally normed placement levels. This value reflects students performing in the “Early On-Grade” or the “Mid On-Grade or Above” placement level during fall testing. Log in to i-Ready®, online assessment and instruction that helps teachers provide all students a path to proficiency and growth in reading and mathematics. Do the scoring tables remain the same from one year to another, or can a 2022/23 score not be compared to a 2021/22 score? 09/14/2022 22:40 Subject: Re:Can anyone help me understand my kid's iready score?Hints for logging in with Active Directory. Username hint: Active Directory (Network Login) user ID Password hint: Active Directory (Network Login) passwordNational Norms are percentiles, comparing each student’s performance with that of a nationally representative sample of students in the same grade level who took the test at the same time of year. For example, a student who has a Norm of 60% on the test scored better than 60% of a nationally representative group of students who took the test ...Included in Cost: i-Ready Assessment is a fully web-based, vendor-hosted, Software-as-a-Service application. The per-student or site-based license fee includes account set-up and management; unlimited access to i-Ready’s assessment, management, and reporting functionality; and unlimited access to U.S.-based customer service/technical support and all program maintenance, updates, and ...Feb 12, 2021 · View Norms for Different Times of Year. When you open the tool the Lexile or Quantile measures that are the norm at the end of a school year are displayed. You can also see the norms for the beginning and middle of the school year. Select the Time of Year list and select on the time you want to see. The norms for that time of year will be ... Teach vocabulary in the context of reading. i-Ready sets students up for success by giving teachers insight into where they are in their learning and where they need to go as they develop. The continuous improvements in the program are grounded in our feedback and invaluable for our district. Dave Hurst, Deputy Superintendent, Bethlehem Central ... i-Ready® Diagnostic Threshold Levels 2022-2023 In the table below, the number ranges in the unshaded rows of columns A–C are i‐Ready Diagnostic scale score ranges that students should achieve to be on track for progressing toward becoming proficient readers in grade 3.iReady. Assessment Type: Computer adaptive interim assessment Grade Range: K-8: ELA and Math Structure: Recommended use: 3 times per year (fall, winter, spring) Test Time: Untimed, but a typical student completes in under 60 minutes/ subject area Pairings:Sep 30, 2021 · * See note 1 about 2002 versus 2007 norms and note 2 about 2018 norms for this test on the first page of this document. MATHEMATICS. Test Name: SAT – 10 th Edition Form(s): A,D Score Name: Total Mathematics Publisher: Pearson Education Norming Year: 2002,2007 Grade School Mean Scale Score at 85 th Percentile of National School Norms (Column 1) Log in to i-Ready®, online assessment and instruction that helps teachers provide all students a path to proficiency and growth in reading and mathematics.from the 2020 norms (Thum & Kuhfeld, 2020). They are known as the “default” cut scores because they are automatically applied to score reports when a partner does not have their own linking study between MAP Growth and their summative assessment. Table E.1. MAP Growth Default Cut Scores Proficient Advanced i-Ready Scale Score Placement Tables (20 20 – 202 1 School Year) (Curriculum Associates Research Report No. 2020 -48 ). North Billerica, MA: Author. Email: [email protected] Phone: (800) 225 -0248. Overall—Mathematics (K–8 All and Integrated) Overall Placements . Student Grade Placement Grade Level Grade K Grade 1 Grade 2 Grade 3 ...Sep 2, 2022 · It seems they place every child score below 99 percentile one grade above as "on level". For example, according to this table: Math scale score of 526 can be placed as 95 percentile as a 6th grader (and a fourth grader need to do many 6th or 7th grade questions right to get a score like 526. In my understanding, iready is primarily meant as a ... Teach vocabulary in the context of reading. i-Ready sets students up for success by giving teachers insight into where they are in their learning and where they need to go as they develop. The continuous improvements in the program are grounded in our feedback and invaluable for our district. Dave Hurst, Deputy Superintendent, Bethlehem Central ...Dear Teachers, i-Ready is an online learning program focused on reading and math. Your student has recently taken an i-Ready assessment at school. i-Ready Diagnostic & Instruction begins by giving students an adaptive assessment in reading or math. An adaptive assessment is a test that automatically adjusts the difficulty of the questions ...iReady. Assessment Type: Computer adaptive interim assessment Grade Range: K-8: ELA and Math Structure: Recommended use: 3 times per year (fall, winter, spring) Test Time: Untimed, but a typical student completes in under 60 minutes/ subject area Pairings:View iready-placement-tables-2020-2021 (1).pdf from MAT MISC at Palm Desert High. i-Ready Diagnostic Scale Score Placement Tables (2020–2021 School Year) ©2020 Curriculum Associates, LLC.i-Ready Diagnostic Test Results Now Available. Updated: May 5, 2021. This publication features the new i-Ready Diagnostic national norms for Grades K–8. These norms are new for the 2020–2021 school year and are based on data from the 2018–2019 school year. As is common for national norms, it is expected that these norms will remain in use ...i-Ready Scale Score Placement Tables (20 20 – 202 1 School Year) (Curriculum Associates Research Report No. 2020 -48 ). North Billerica, MA: Author. Email: [email protected] Phone: (800) 225 -0248. Overall—Mathematics (K–8 All and Integrated) Overall Placements . Student Grade Placement Grade Level Grade K Grade 1 Grade 2 Grade 3 ... Oklahoma State Department of Education | Updated August 2022 2 Contact Information Name: Craig Walker Phone: 405.834.1047 Email: [email protected] Website: www.curriculumassociates.com General Information for Administration Group size: Group Method: Assessment is administered online Assessment Type: Adaptive assessmentoutline when norms are available and accurate for each vendor. The dates below in Table 3 represent the published assessment windows for each screener where accurate national norms are available. Table 3: Available Normative Windows for Each Screener . Screener Fall Winter Spring aimswebPlus August 1 –November30 December March15 16 July31 Dibels©2018 Curriculum Associates, LLC Email: [email protected] Phone: (800) 225-0248 Reading Placements—Overall Student Grade Placement GradeCurriculum Associates i-Ready integrates powerful assessments with engaging instruction to help all students grow and succeed. 153 Rangeway Road, North Billerica, MA 01862; Email [email protected] i-Ready Scale Score Placement Tables (2017–2018 School Year) ©2017 Curriculum Associates, LLC Email: [email protected] Phone: (800) 225-0248It also includes understanding tables and graphs, and in later grades, statistics and probability. Geometry in Grades K–8 refers to a variety of skills related to analyzing two- and three-dimensional shapes. These include naming and classifying shapes using characteristics such as symmetry, number of sides, and angle measures, and in later ...Hints for logging in with Active Directory. Username hint: Active Directory (Network Login) user ID Password hint: Active Directory (Network Login) passwordStockton Unified School District / HomepageOklahoma State Department of Education | Updated August 2022 2 Contact Information Name: Craig Walker Phone: 405.834.1047 Email: [email protected] Website: www.curriculumassociates.com General Information for Administration Group size: Group Method: Assessment is administered online Assessment Type: Adaptive assessmenti-Ready Diagnostic National Norms for Reading and Mathematics for Grades K–8: 2022–2023 1. i-Ready Diagnostic National Norms: Grades K–8 . Curriculum Associates Research Rep Curriculum Associates — i-Ready® Diagnostic 2016 National Norms Technical Documentation: Norms Tables | 1. 2 ... 23 331 358 387 410 429 448 461 469 478Dec 8, 2022 · 1st Grade Fall Below are the diagnostic scores and corresponding percentiles for 1st grade students taken between the beginning of the school year and November 15th. Winter Below are the diagnostic scores and corresponding percentiles for 1st grade students taken between the beginning November 16th and March 1st. Spring Disclaimer: Threshold levels are determined by the assessment provider. For more information about the assessment and/or threshold levels, please contact the assessment provider directly. i-Ready® Diagnostic Threshold Levels 2020-2021 In the table below, the number ranges in the unshaded rows of columns A–C are i‐Ready Diagnostic scale score ranges that students should achieve to be on ...November 7 –December 16, 2022 April 17 –May 26, 2023 Florida Civic Literacy Exam: October–December 2022 . National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) Age 13 Long-term Trend January 23–March 17 , 2023 . ACCESS for ELLs Alternate ACCESS for ELLs March–April 2023 : ACT or SAT (Districts select either ACT or SAT to Highest rating: 3. Low rated: 1. Summary: For a first-grade student scoring below 434, that means they are currently reading below grade level expectations. These grade level ranges are for math. See Details. 4. [PDF] i-Ready Diagnostic Scale Score Increases to Achieve Specified …. Author: www.rcboe.org.Highest rating: 3. Low rated: 3. Summary: A good score is one that will get you into the college of your choice, so the answer depends on where you want to go to college. The average score is 20. While …. See Details. 6. [PDF] i-Ready Diagnostic. Author: chata.accelschoolsnetwork.com. Feb 12, 2021 · View Norms for Different Times of Year. When you open the tool the Lexile or Quantile measures that are the norm at the end of a school year are displayed. You can also see the norms for the beginning and middle of the school year. Select the Time of Year list and select on the time you want to see. The norms for that time of year will be ... Feb 12, 2021 · View Norms for Different Times of Year. When you open the tool the Lexile or Quantile measures that are the norm at the end of a school year are displayed. You can also see the norms for the beginning and middle of the school year. Select the Time of Year list and select on the time you want to see. The norms for that time of year will be ... I'll be referring my kiddo; they were in the 95th percentile in both. I got a letter for "universal screener score" report. Does every FCPS ES only use iReady as the testing method? If yes, my second grader's score translates into a 95% in reading but only a 88% in math. But he got a NNAT score that was 99% a year ago.Diagnostic Assessment. i-Ready Diagnostic is the heart of the i-Ready Assessment suite. This diagnostic assessment platform is designed with teachers in mind, to work on its own or with other i-Ready programs. The Grades K–12 diagnostic testing assessments manifests our core belief that all students can grow and achieve grade-level expectations. It seems they place every child score below 99 percentile one grade above as "on level". For example, according to this table: Math scale score of 526 can be placed as 95 percentile as a 6th grader (and a fourth grader need to do many 6th or 7th grade questions right to get a score like 526. In my understanding, iready is primarily meant as a ...It also includes understanding tables and graphs, and in later grades, statistics and probability. Geometry in Grades K–8 refers to a variety of skills related to analyzing two- and three-dimensional shapes. These include naming and classifying shapes using characteristics such as symmetry, number of sides, and angle measures, and in later ... Curriculum Associates i-Ready integrates powerful assessments with engaging instruction to help all students grow and succeed. 153 Rangeway Road, North Billerica, MA 01862; Email [email protected] Teachers, i-Ready is an online learning program focused on reading and math. Your student has recently taken an i-Ready assessment at school. i-Ready Diagnostic & Instruction begins by giving students an adaptive assessment in reading or math. An adaptive assessment is a test that automatically adjusts the difficulty of the questions ... For example, according to this table: Math scale score of 526 can be placed as 95 percentile as a 6th grader (and a fourth grader need to do many 6th or 7th grade questions right to get a score like 526. In my understanding, iready is primarily meant as a screener to catch problems rather than a tool to identify high learners so it may not be ...The i-Ready Diagnostic is scored on a scale ranging from 100 to 800. The scale score allows you to see which skills your child has mastered, regardless of their grade level. The charts below are the i-Ready Diagnostic National Norms Tables for Reading and Mathematics for Grades K-8 for 2020-2021. Stockton Unified School District / HomepageHighest rating: 3. Low rated: 1. Summary: For a first-grade student scoring below 434, that means they are currently reading below grade level expectations. These grade level ranges are for math. See Details. 4. [PDF] i-Ready Diagnostic Scale Score Increases to Achieve Specified …. Author: www.rcboe.org. Log in to i-Ready®, online assessment and instruction that helps teachers provide all students a path to proficiency and growth in reading and mathematics.Curriculum Associates June 2, 2022 · New for #iReady 2022-2023: Expanded tools for scaffolding instruction, grade-level scaffolding, and reader bookshelves. Learn more here: curriculumassociates.com What's New With i-Ready—Explore New Features in i-Ready We work year-round to make i-Ready more helpful for teachers and more impactful for students.Some of the worksheets displayed are Staar grade 8 reading answer key paper, Spectrum science grade 8 answer key, Science explorer grade 8, Language arts grade 8 language, Grade 8 reading practice test, Answer key for spectrum science grade 4, Spectrum grade 3 answer key, Grades 78 by michael priestley. Free Answers by our Experts: 228 079. Do the scoring tables remain the same from one year to another, or can a 2022/23 score not be compared to a 2021/22 score? 09/14/2022 22:40 Subject: Re:Can anyone help me understand my kid's iready score?Table 2: Common Core State Standards Alignment by Strand: Mathematics. Diagnostic Assessment. Mathematics Standards for Operations and Algebraic Thinking. Mathematics Standards for Numbers and Operations in Base 10. Mathematics Standards for Measurement and Data. Mathematics Standards for Geometry. Mathematics Standards for Mathematical Practices.A low iready could be disastrous for a principal placed kid if they remove the kid from the AAP classroom. If the kid is solidly in AAP, then the score won't have any impact. Kids who are below grade level and fail SOLs still can't be booted out of AAP. yep, Principal place and level III scores matter.In the table below, the number ranges in the unshaded rows of columns A–C are i‐Ready Diagnostic scale score ranges that students should achieve to be on track for progressing toward becoming proficient readers in grade 3. Students with scores below these ranges may be “at risk”Scale Score Placement Tables (20 20 – 202 1 School Year) (Curriculum Associates Research Report No. 2020 -48 ). North Billerica, MA: Author. Email: [email protected] Phone: (800) 225 -0248. Overall—Mathematics (K–8 All and Integrated) Overall Placements . Student Grade Placement Grade Level Grade K Grade 1 Grade 2 Grade 3 Grade 4 ... The i-Ready Diagnostic is scored on a scale ranging from 100 to 800. The scale score allows you to see which skills your child has mastered, regardless of their grade level. The charts below are the i-Ready Diagnostic National Norms Tables for Reading and Mathematics for Grades K-8 for 2020-2021. View Norms for Different Times of Year. When you open the tool the Lexile or Quantile measures that are the norm at the end of a school year are displayed. You can also see the norms for the beginning and middle of the school year. Select the Time of Year list and select on the time you want to see. The norms for that time of year will be ...Research Overview. This publication features the i-Ready Diagnostic national norms for Grades K–8. These norms are based on data from the 2018–2019 school year and apply to the 2022–2023 school year. As is common for national norms, it is expected that these norms will remain in use for a number of school years, although Curriculum ... Many school districts use Curriculum Associates i-Ready in their classrooms for reading and math, but there appears to be program murkiness. There’s concern that teachers might rely on iReady data for grading rather than their professional expertise. I-Ready provides teachers with data reports of student results, but teachers never see the child’s online responses. They don’t see the ...Student performance on Florida’s statewide assessments is categorized into five achievement levels. Table 1 provides information regarding student performance at each achievement level; this information is provided on student reports so that students, parents, and educators may interpret student results in a meaningful way.1 23 53 2 51 72 89 3 71 92 107 NATIONAL ORF NORMS 50thPercentiles Hasbrouck & Tindal (2006) 4 94 112 123 5 110 127 139 6 127 140 150 7 128 136 150 8 133 146 151 GREEN zone 10or more to -4 YELLOW Zone -5 to -10 RED Zone > 10 below Read Naturally, Inc. www.readnaturally.com 2023-24 i-Ready Placement Table (PDF). The iReady placement tables (updated for this school year). 2023-24 Reclassification cut scores (TBD after first administration of iReady) 2023-24 Research Key Dates Calendar (webpage, Google Calendar) 2023-24 Data/Training Request (Google Form) Contacts: The old scale score (Star Enterprise Scale score) will still be available for the 2021-22 school year but will be discontinued for the 2022-23 school year. In August of this year, Renaissance Learning published cut scores for the new Unified Scale Scores, but they have only published them for the Spring Benchmark period.Highest rating: 3. Low rated: 3. Summary: A good score is one that will get you into the college of your choice, so the answer depends on where you want to go to college. The average score is 20. While …. See Details. 6. [PDF] i-Ready Diagnostic. Author: chata.accelschoolsnetwork.com. These norms are new for the 2020–2021 school year and are based on data from the 2018–2019 school year. As is common for national norms, it is expected that these norms will remain in use for a number of school years, although Curriculum Associates will continue to monitor the norms each year to determine when new norms are needed.Curriculum Associates — i-Ready® Diagnostic 2016 National Norms Technical Documentation: Norms Tables | 1. 2 ... 23 331 358 387 410 429 448 461 469 478The i-Ready Diagnostic is scored on a scale ranging from 100 to 800. The scale score allows you to see which skills your child has mastered, regardless of their grade level. The charts below are the i-Ready Diagnostic National Norms Tables for Reading and Mathematics for Grades K-8 for 2020-2021. Diagnostic Assessment. i-Ready Diagnostic is the heart of the i-Ready Assessment suite. This diagnostic assessment platform is designed with teachers in mind, to work on its own or with other i-Ready programs. The Grades K–12 diagnostic testing assessments manifests our core belief that all students can grow and achieve grade-level expectations.Makeup: Dec 5 to Dec 9, 2022 : Grade 11 and 12 Computer – 1 hour . February 2023 . New Jersey State Graduation Proficiency Assessment (NJSGPA) Spring – Mar 13, to Mar 17, 2023 Makeup: Mar 20, to Mar 24, 2023 Grade 11 Computer – 1 hour May 2023 . Start Strong Assessment ELA (NJSLA-ELA) Fall - Aug 31, 2022 – Sep 30, 2022 i-Ready Diagnostic Implementation 2022-23 Grades: 3-8 Reading and Math (Grades K-2 Optional) The i-Ready Diagnostic is a test designed to help teachers support each student and create a path of personalized instruction for every learner. The adaptive test adjusts its questions to suit each student's needs. Screenshot 2021-01-20 at 7.23.29 PM - Read online for free. ... I-Ready Diagnostic National: Norms Tables For Reading and Mathematics For Grades K-8 2020-2021from the 2020 norms (Thum & Kuhfeld, 2020). They are known as the “default” cut scores because they are automatically applied to score reports when a partner does not have their own linking study between MAP Growth and their summative assessment. Table E.1. MAP Growth Default Cut Scores Proficient AdvancedIt seems they place every child score below 99 percentile one grade above as "on level". For example, according to this table: Math scale score of 526 can be placed as 95 percentile as a 6th grader (and a fourth grader need to do many 6th or 7th grade questions right to get a score like 526. In my understanding, iready is primarily meant as a ...Makeup: Dec 5 to Dec 9, 2022 : Grade 11 and 12 Computer – 1 hour . February 2023 . New Jersey State Graduation Proficiency Assessment (NJSGPA) Spring – Mar 13, to Mar 17, 2023 Makeup: Mar 20, to Mar 24, 2023 Grade 11 Computer – 1 hour May 2023 . Start Strong Assessment ELA (NJSLA-ELA) Fall - Aug 31, 2022 – Sep 30, 2022 outline when norms are available and accurate for each vendor. The dates below in Table 3 represent the published assessment windows for each screener where accurate national norms are available. Table 3: Available Normative Windows for Each Screener . Screener Fall Winter Spring aimswebPlus August 1 –November30 December March15 16 July31 Dibels

i-Ready Diagnostic Test Results Now Available. Updated: May 5, 2021. This publication features the new i-Ready Diagnostic national norms for Grades K–8. These norms are new for the 2020–2021 school year and are based on data from the 2018–2019 school year. As is common for national norms, it is expected that these norms will remain in use .... Bolton

iready norms tables 2022 23

In the table below, the number ranges in the unshaded rows of columns A–C are i‐Ready Diagnostic scale score ranges that students should achieve to be on track for progressing toward becoming proficient readers in grade 3. Students with scores below these ranges may be “at risk” Student performance on Florida’s statewide assessments is categorized into five achievement levels. Table 1 provides information regarding student performance at each achievement level; this information is provided on student reports so that students, parents, and educators may interpret student results in a meaningful way. June 2, 2022 ·. New for #iReady 2022-2023: Expanded tools for scaffolding instruction, grade-level scaffolding, and reader bookshelves. Learn more here: curriculumassociates.com. Included in Cost: i-Ready Assessment is a fully web-based, vendor-hosted, Software-as-a-Service application. The per-student or site-based license fee includes account set-up and management; unlimited access to i-Ready’s assessment, management, and reporting functionality; and unlimited access to U.S.-based customer service/technical support and all program maintenance, updates, and ...Some of the worksheets displayed are Staar grade 8 reading answer key paper, Spectrum science grade 8 answer key, Science explorer grade 8, Language arts grade 8 language, Grade 8 reading practice test, Answer key for spectrum science grade 4, Spectrum grade 3 answer key, Grades 78 by michael priestley. Free Answers by our Experts: 228 079.* See note 1 about 2002 versus 2007 norms and note 2 about 2018 norms for this test on the first page of this document. MATHEMATICS. Test Name: SAT – 10 th Edition Form(s): A,D Score Name: Total Mathematics Publisher: Pearson Education Norming Year 2002,2007 Grade School Mean Scale Score at 85 th Percentile of National School Norms (Column 1)The iReady Universal Screener is administered to all students in Kindergarten through eighth grade. Universal screeners will allow teachers to identify students in need of enrichment/acceleration or who are at risk for poor learning outcomes. Universal screeners seek to find areas of skills that need to be improved or areas of skills that are ...Dear Teachers, i-Ready is an online learning program focused on reading and math. Your student has recently taken an i-Ready assessment at school. i-Ready Diagnostic & Instruction begins by giving students an adaptive assessment in reading or math. An adaptive assessment is a test that automatically adjusts the difficulty of the questions ...from the 2020 norms (Thum & Kuhfeld, 2020). They are known as the “default” cut scores because they are automatically applied to score reports when a partner does not have their own linking study between MAP Growth and their summative assessment. Table E.1. MAP Growth Default Cut Scores Proficient Advanced Stockton Unified School District / HomepageAug 29, 2022 · Curriculum Associates Updates i-Ready Personalized Instruction and Assessment to Help Accelerate Student Learning for the 2022–2023 School Year New reports, lessons, accessibility features, and more will help educators support grade-level work, monitor progress, and motivate every learner on their path to success Highest rating: 3. Low rated: 3. Summary: A good score is one that will get you into the college of your choice, so the answer depends on where you want to go to college. The average score is 20. While …. See Details. 6. [PDF] i-Ready Diagnostic. Author: chata.accelschoolsnetwork.com. Included in Cost: i Ready is a fully web-based, vendor-hosted, Software-as-a-Service application. The per-student or site-based license fee includes account set-up and management; unlimited access to i-Ready’s assessment, management, and reporting functionality; plus unlimited access to U.S.-based customer service/technical support and all program maintenance, updates, and enhancements for ... View iready-placement-tables-2020-2021 (1).pdf from MAT MISC at Palm Desert High. i-Ready Diagnostic Scale Score Placement Tables (2020–2021 School Year) ©2020 Curriculum Associates, LLC. View iready-placement-tables-2020-2021 (1).pdf from MAT MISC at Palm Desert High. i-Ready Diagnostic Scale Score Placement Tables (2020–2021 School Year) ©2020 Curriculum Associates, LLC..

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